Population | Class 8 | Geography | Chapter 7| Maharashtra State Board
Explore an insightful lesson on population dynamics, covering growth, distribution, density, structure, and factors affecting population, along with activities, exercises, and case studies for a comprehensive understanding.
Questions & Answers
1. Complete the following sentences:
A. If the birth rate is greater than the death rate then the population …………. .
(i) decreases
(ii) increases
(iii) remains constant
(iv) becomes surplus
Ans.
(ii) increases
B. People of …………… age group are included in the productive population.
(i) 0 to 14
(ii) 14 to 60
(iii) 15 to 60
(iv) 16 to 59
Ans.
(iv) 16 to 59
C. The spread of modern technology in society is mostly dependent on …………….. .
(i) sex ratio
(ii) birth rate
(iii) literacy
(iv) migration
Ans.
(iv) migration
2. Examine the following statements and correct the incorrect ones:
a. The population density of a region can be understood from its area.
Ans.
Incorrect.Correct sentence: The population density of a region can be understood from its area and the total volume of population living in it.
b. The quality of population is determined on the basis of literacy.
Ans.
Correct.
c. There is an adverse impact on manpower in the regions of out migration.
Ans.
Correct.
d. Greater economic prosperity indicates the development of region.
Ans.
Incorrect.Correct sentence: Greater economic prosperity as well as higher standards of living, higher quality of life, availability of opportunities, freedom, etc, indicate the development of region.
e. Developing countries have an HDl of 1.
Ans.
Incorrect.
Correct sentence: Developing countries have and HDI of 0.50 to 0.60.
3. Answer in brief.
a. What are the aspects considered in the structure of population?
Ans.
The following are the aspects considered in the structure of the population:
Sex ratio/structure: Sex ratio/structure is a structure that considers the sub division of population on the basis of gender.
Age structure: Age structure is a structure that considers the sub division of population as per age groups.
Occupational structure: Occupational structure is a structure that considers sub division of population on the basis of dependency and workability.
Rural – urban structure: Rural – Urban structure is a structure that considers sub division of population on the basis of area of residence.
Literacy structure: Literacy structure is a structure that considers sub division of population on the basis of capability of reading and writing.
b. Prepare a list of advantageous and disadvantageous factors, affecting population distribution.
Ans.
A list of advantageous factors affecting population distribution is as follows:
Availability of sufficient sunlight, clean air and water.
Region with low altitude
Moderate rainfall and temperature
Fertile soil
Deposits of minerals
Industrialisation
Urbanisation
Availability of transportation facilities
Availability of market
Political stability
International peace
Favourable government policies
Favourable social customs and traditions.
A list of disadvantageous factors affecting population distribution is as follows:
Shortage of sufficient sunlight, clean air and water.
Region with high altitude
Extremely less or more rainfall and temperature
Infertile soil
Scarcity of minerals
Low industrialisation
Lack of urbanisation
Non-availability of transportation facilities
Non-availability of market
Political instability
International disputes
Unfavourable government policies
Evil social customs and traditions.
c. What are the problems in areas of high population densities?
Ans.
The ratio of the population of a country to its area is population density. While discussing population distribution, density of population is also considered. The density is calculated, as per the formula given below.Density of population = Population of a region/Area of a region.
The problems in areas of high population densities are as follows:
1. Pollution – Pollution is one of the major reasons which people face due to high population density. Due to an increase in land degradation by making houses and flats, land pollution will be caused, water will be contaminated by a huge number of people, resulting in water pollution and huge number of vehicles will cause air pollution.
2. Overcrowded – The areas with high population density become overcrowded, which bring chaos and lack of peace in the society.3. Lack of open space – High population density makes it difficult to get a free open space.
d. What are the problems in area of low population densities?
Ans.
The development of a country depends upon its size of population. A lower population is somehow manageable and resources can be distributed equally. But, sometimes the low population leads to lower demands of goods and services and lower tax revenues for the government to provide goods and services.
4. Give geographical reasons:
a. Population is an important resource.
Ans.
The economic and cultural development of any country depends upon the volume and the quality of population.
If a country has a high volume and less quality of population, it has slow economic growth and development.
If a country has optimum population with high quality of population, it has fast economic growth and development. Thus, population is an important resource.
b. Productive population is an important group.
Ans.
People belonging to age group of 16 to 59 age are considered as productive. Therefore this population is called productive population.
People below 16 years of age and above 60 years of age are considered as dependent or non-working population.
Productive population/people are involved in services or businesses. Therefore they play very important role in economic
If country has more proportion of productive population and youth, it develops rapidly. Thus, productive population is an important group.
c. The study of age structure is important.
Ans.
The study of age structure helps to know the percentage of children, adolescents, youth, middle aged, and old aged in population.
The study of age structure helps to know the proportion of productive people (Working people between 16 years to 59 years of age) and unproductive people (Non working people below 16 years of age and above 60 years of age).
The study of age structure helps government in planning various economic, social, educational, medical, etc. schemes for the overall development of country.
The study of age structure helps to know the speed of economic growth. Thus, the study of age structure is important.
d. Literacy is directly related to development.
Ans.
The country with high literacy rate, develops rapidly in economic, social and cultural aspects.
The country with low literacy rate, faces many obstacles in its economic, social and cultural growth and development.
Literacy rate is related to quality of life, the opportunities available and freedom. Thus, literacy is directly related to development.
e. The real progress of a country is understood with the help of the Human Development Index.
Ans.
Human Development Index is calculated by taking into account the values of economic, health and education parameters.
Thus, Human Development Index is calculated on the basis of Gross National Product, life expectancy and literacy rate.
Human Development Index indicates the standard of living, economic and social welfare, quality of life, opportunities available and freedom. Therefore, the real progress of a country is understood with the help of the Human Development Index.
5. Write notes.
a. Sex ratio.
Ans.
The number of females per thousand males is called sex ratio.
The sex ratio is calculated with the help of the following formula :
Sex Ratio = Total number of females ÷ Total number of males × 1000
If the number of females per thousand males is less, the sex ratio is considered to be low. On the other hand, if the number of females per thousand males is more, the sex ratio is considered to be high.
According to Census 2011, the sex ratio was highest (1084) in the state of Kerala. According to Census 2011, the sex ratio was 929 in the state of Maharashtra.
Out-migration of males leads to high sex ratio in a region from where males have out-migrated. Less female birth rate leads to low sex ratio.
b. Age structure.
Ans.
Sub division of population as per age groups is known as age structure.
Age structure is helpful in knowing the proportion of children, adolescents, young, middle aged and old people in population.
It is also helpful in knowing proportion of active population (Population between the ages 16 and 59) and dependent population (Population below 16 years of age and above 60 years of age).
Age structure is helpful to the government in framing various policies.
c. Literacy.
Ans.
Population above the age of seven can be sub divided on the basis of capability of reading and writing.
People above the age of seven and are unable to read and write are considered illiterate. On the other hand, people above the age of seven and are able to read and write are considered literate.
High literacy rate is an indicator of social and economic development of society. On the other hand, high illiteracy rate leads to slow economic, social and cultural development of society.
Literacy rate is related to quality of life, the opportunities available and freedom. Thus, it is directly related to development.
E X T R A
1. Fill in the correct word and complete the sentences:
A. ……………… state of India has the highest sex ratio.
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Kerala
(c) Punjab
(d) Haryana
Ans.
(b) Kerala
B. ………………. district of Maharashtra has low density of population.
(a) Mumbai City
(b) Mumbai Suburb
(c) Thane
(d) Osmanabad
Ans.
(d) Osmanabad
2. Examine the following statements and correct the incorrect ones:
a. The state of Maharashtra has a balanced population.
Ans.
Incorrect.
Correct sentence: The state of Maharashtra has imbalanced population.
b. The areas with plenty of natural resources normally have more volume of population.
Ans.
Correct.
c. The region with more proportion of youth in population has a rapid speed of development.
Ans.
Correct.
d. Most of people in rural areas are engaged in tertiary activities.
Ans.
Incorrect.
Correct sentence: Most of people in rural areas are engaged in primary activities.
e. Human Development Index is published by World Health Organisation.
Ans.
Incorrect.
Correct sentence: Human Development Index is published by United National Development Programme.
f. Density of population is found to be more in the state of Goa.
Ans.
Correct.
g. The state of Rajasthan is densely populated.
Ans.
Incorrect.
Correct sentence: The state of Rajasthan is sparsely populated.
3. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:
a. What is birth rate?
Ans.
Birth rate is the number of live births per one thousand people in a year.
b. What is death rate?
Ans.
Death rate is the number of deaths per one thousand people in a year.
c. What is life expectancy?
Ans.
Life expectancy is the expected average life span of an individual at the time j of his/her birth.
d. What is meant by in-migration?
Ans.
Migration of people in a particular region from outside regions is known as in-migration.
e. What is meant by out-migration?
Ans.
Migration of people from a particular region to outside regions is known as out-migration.
f. What is meant by sex ratio?
Ans.
The total number of females per thousand males is known as sex ratio.
g. In which types of occupations are people in urban areas involved?
Ans.
People in urban areas are involved in secondary and tertiary occupations.
h. Who put forth the concept of Human Development Index?
Ans.
Mahbub Ul Haq and Amartya Sen put forth the concept of Human Development Index.
4. Answer the following questions in brief:
a. Explain the various types of migration.
Ans.
The various types of migration are as follows:
In-migration: In-migration is migration of people in a particular region from outside regions.
Out-migration: Out-migration is migration of people from a particular region to outside regions.
Short term migration: Short term migration is migration of people on a i temporary basis. For example, migration due to tourism or natural disaster or education is a short term migration.
Long term migration: Long term migration is migration of people on a permanent basis. For example, migration due to transfer of service or marriage or war j and partition is a long term migration.
b. Explain the effects of migration.
Ans.
The effects of migration are as follows:
Out-migration leads to fall in population of a region from where people have migrated outside. This in turn leads to shortage of manpower in a region from where out-migration has occurred.
In-migration leads to increase in population of a region in which people from outside regions have migrated. This in turn, puts a pressure on public amenities and infrastructure of a region in which people have migrated.
Migration leads to redistribution of population.
Migration also leads to a change in the structure of population in a particular region.
5. Give geographical reasons:
a. The density of population is found to be high in Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburb district.
Ans.
Mumbai is economic capital of India.
In Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburb district, industrialisation and urbanisation has taken place on a large scale.
Transportation, educational, medical, etc. facilities are available on a large scale in these districts.
Many employment opportunities are also available in these districts.
Due to all these favourable factors, many people from other districts of Maharashtra as well as from other states of India have migrated to Mumbai on a permanent basis. Therefore, the density of population is found to be high in Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburb district.
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